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Communism and spirituality are often presented as opposing forces in modern political and philosophical debates. Many people associate communism with atheism because several communist governments and leaders historically promoted secularism and rejected organized religion. However, communism as an economic and political theory does not necessarily require atheism. Spirituality concerns the inner life, morality, meaning, compassion, and the relationship between humanity and the transcendent, while communism primarily addresses social equality, collective ownership, and economic justice. This monograph examines the relationship between communism and spirituality by analyzing Marxist thought, the historical development of atheist communist movements, and examples of spiritual or religious socialism across the world. It argues that atheism emerged more from political interpretations of communism than from the unavoidable essence of communist philosophy itself. The study further explores how some communist thinkers treated humanity as the highest value, leading critics to claim that “people became their god.” Ultimately, spirituality and communism represent different pathways that may conflict in some contexts yet coexist in others.
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