This study examines how social media marketing influences tourism consumer decision-making across the staged yet nonlinear travel journey within the United States. Building on tourism decision-stage perspectives and digital consumer behavior theory, the research proposes an integrated framework linking social media marketing stimuli—platform exposure, influencer communication, and user-generated content—to internal psychological mechanisms (trust, perceived authenticity, emotional engagement, and destination attitude) and behavioral outcomes (inspiration, planning, booking intention and booking behavior, on-site engagement, and post-trip sharing). The framework is grounded in the Stimulus–Organism–Response (S-O-R) model and complemented by elements of the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Technology Acceptance Model to capture cognitive, affective, and social influence pathways. Methodologically, the study adopts an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. The quantitative phase uses a structured survey of U.S. tourism consumers to test direct and mediated relationships among the proposed constructs using structural equation modeling, while the qualitative phase follows with semi-structured interviews to explain key quantitative patterns, explore platform-specific decision pathways, and elaborate how travelers form trust and assess authenticity across stages and platforms. The study contributes by offering a stage-sensitive, multi-platform account of social-media-driven tourism behavior and by generating practical guidance for designing platform-appropriate, credibility-centered social media strategies across the travel journey.
Scroll to read the preview. Download for the complete document.
jzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Antczak, B. (2024, February). The Influence of Digital Marketing and Social Media Marketing on Consumer Buying Behavior. Journal of Modern Science, 323-325. doi:doi.org/10.13166/jms/189429
Bhinder, H. (2025). Social Media and Its Influence on Travel Decision-Making. In C. M. Ramos, T. Costa, R. Madeira, & J. F. Rosário, Open Innovation and Technology in Tourism and Hospitality (pp. 205-220). IGI Global. doi:https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-8633-0.ch010
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 77-101. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. London: SAGE Publications. Retrieved from https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/thematic-analysis/book248481
Cheng, M. (2024). Social Media and Tourism Geographies: Mapping Future Research Agenda. Tourism GeoGraphies, 27, 579-588. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2024.2304782
Chu, S.-C., & Kim, Y. (2015). Determinants of Consumer Engagement in Electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM) in Social Networking Sites. International Journal of Advertising, 30(1), 47-75. doi:https://doi.org/10.2501/IJA-30-1-047-075
Chung, P., Jain, V., & Budhiraja, M. (2025). From Vlogs to Voyages: A Systematic Review Of User-Generated Videos Using The ADO Framework. Quality & Quantity. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-025-02302-8
Constantinides, E., & Fountain, S. (2008). Web 2.0: Conceptual Foundations And Marketing Issues. Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice, 231-244. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.dddmp.4350098
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed-methods Research. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Quarterly, 319-340.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building Theories from Case Study Research. The Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/258557
Fotis, J., Buhalis, D., & Rossides, N. (2011). Social Media Impact On Holiday Travel Planning: The Case Of The Russian And The FSU Markets. International Journal of Online Marketing, 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.4018/IJOM.2011100101
Gök, T., & Baltaci, M. (2023). Digital Marketing and Consumer Behavior in Tourism. In M. Valeri, Innovation Strategies and Organizational Culture in Tourism (pp. 61-69). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Gretzel, U. (2021). Conceptualizing the Smart Tourism Mindset: Fostering Utopian Thinking in Smart Tourism Development. Journal of Smart Tourism, 3-5.
Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z., & Koo, C. (2015). Smart Tourism: Foundations and Developments. Electronic Markets, 25, 179-188. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-015-0196-8
Harrigan, P., Miles, M. P., Fang, Y., & Roy, S. K. (2020). The Role Of Social Media In The Engagement And Information Processes Of Social CRM. International Journal of Information Management, 54, 102151. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102151
Hudson, S., Roth, M. S., Madden, T. J., & Hudson, R. (2015). The Effects Of Social Media On Emotions, Brand Relationship Quality, And Word Of Mouth: An Empirical Study Of Music Festival Attendees. Tourism Management, 47, 68-76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.09.001
Kam Fung So, K., King, C., & Sparks, B. (2015). Extending the Tourism Experience: The Role of Customer Engagement. Taylor & Francis.
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users Of The World, Unite! The Challenges And Opportunities Of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
Katsoni, V., & Costa, C. (2025). Innovation and Creativity in Tourism, Business, and Social Sciences. Naxos: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and Gratifications Research. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509-523. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2747854
Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance, Identification, and Internalization: Three Processes Of Attitude Change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(1), 51-60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/002200275800200106
Kemp, S. (2022). https://datareportal.com/. Retrieved December 10, 2024, from https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-global-overview-report
Kim, N., Lee, S., Lee, C.-K., & Suess, C. (2022). Predicting Preventive Travel Behaviors Under The COVID-19 Pandemic Through An Integration of Health Belief Model and Value-Belief-Norm. Tourism Management Perspectives, 9-10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.100981
Kotler, P., Keller, K. L., & Chernev, A. (2021). Marketing Management. Pearson Publications.
Law, R. (2006). The Perceived Impact of Risks on Travel Decisions. International Journal of Tourism Research, 289-300. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.576
Leung, D., Law, R., Hoof, H. V., & Buhalis, D. (2013). Social Media in Tourism and Hospitality: A Literature Review. Journal of Travel & Tourism Management, 30(2), 3-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.750919
Litvin, S. W., Goldsmith, R. E., & Bing, P. (2008). Electronic Word-Of-Mouth in Hospitality and Tourism Management. Tourism Management (Vol 29, Issue 3), 458-468.
Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An Approach to Environmental Psychology. Michigan: M.I.T. Press.
Meng, B., & Choi, K. (2015). Extending The Theory Of Planned Behaviour: Testing The Effects Of Authentic Perception And Environmental Concerns On The Slow-Tourist Decision-Making Process. Current Issues in Tourism, 528-544. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1020773
Middleton, V., Fyall, A., Morgan, M., & Ranchhod, A. (2009). Marketing in Travel and Tourism. Routledge.
Moon, J.-W., & An, Y. (2022). Uses and Gratifications Motivations and Their Effects on Attitude and e-Tourist Satisfaction: A Multilevel Approach. Tourism & Hospitality, 3(1), 116-136. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp3010009
Munar, A. M., & Jacobsen, J. K. (2014). Motivations For Sharing Tourism Experiences Through Social Media. Tourism Management, 43, 46-54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.01.012
Pan, B., Maclaurin, T., & Crotts, J. C. (2007). Travel Blogs and the Implications for Destination Marketing. Journal of Travel Research, 35-45. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287507302378
Polat, E., Celik, F., Ibrahim, B., & Köseoglu, M. A. (2023). Unpacking The Power Of User-Generated Videos In Hospitality And Tourism: A Systematic Literature Review And Future Direction. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 894-914. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2023.2296655
Saunders, M. N., & Lewis, P. T. (2023). Research Methods for Business Students. Pearson Publications.
Schuckert, M., Xianwei, L., & Law, R. (2015). Hospitality and Tourism Online Reviews: Recent Trends and Future Directions. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 608-621. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.933154
Serrano-Malebran, J., Campos-Núñez, F., Vidal, C., & Veneros, D. (2025). From Search Engines To Social Influence: A Stimulus–Organism–Response Model Of Travel Influencers On TikTok. (N. Valaei, Ed.) Frontiers in Communication, 10, 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2025.1649647
Sharif, S., Farhana, N., Idda, N., Shah, S. I., & Shah, M. (2024). TikTok's Role In Shaping Travel Destinations Among Generation Z: Exploring The Mediating Effects of Social Escapism Motivation. International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities, (pp. 9-10).
Sujatmiko, S., Rosanti, N., Hamdat, A., Ar, D. P., & Salam, K. N. (2025). User-Generated Content (UGC) and Its Impact on Tourism Marketing: A Systematic Literature Review. Golden Ratio of Mapping Idea and Literature Format, 5(2), 97-107. doi:https://doi.org/10.52970/grmilf.v5i2.14
Susanto, B., Wardhani, Y. K., Muhartoyo, M., Sutiarso, M. A., & Sadjuni, N. (2023). The Role And Use Of Social Media As A Medium For Marketing Tourist Attractions And Increasing Tourist Visits. Journal of Commerce Management and Tourism Studies, 2(1), 48-55. doi:https://doi.org/10.58881/jcmts.v2i1.93
Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Antczak, B. (2024, February). The Influence of Digital Marketing and Social Media Marketing on Consumer Buying Behavior. Journal of Modern Science, 323-325. doi:doi.org/10.13166/jms/189429
Bhinder, H. (2025). Social Media and Its Influence on Travel Decision-Making. In C. M. Ramos, T. Costa, R. Madeira, & J. F. Rosário, Open Innovation and Technology in Tourism and Hospitality (pp. 205-220). IGI Global. doi:https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-8633-0.ch010
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 77-101. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. London: SAGE Publications. Retrieved from https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/thematic-analysis/book248481
Cheng, M. (2024). Social Media and Tourism Geographies: Mapping Future Research Agenda. Tourism GeoGraphies, 27, 579-588. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2024.2304782
Chu, S.-C., & Kim, Y. (2015). Determinants of Consumer Engagement in Electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM) in Social Networking Sites. International Journal of Advertising, 30(1), 47-75. doi:https://doi.org/10.2501/IJA-30-1-047-075
Chung, P., Jain, V., & Budhiraja, M. (2025). From Vlogs to Voyages: A Systematic Review Of User-Generated Videos Using The ADO Framework. Quality & Quantity. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-025-02302-8
Constantinides, E., & Fountain, S. (2008). Web 2.0: Conceptual Foundations And Marketing Issues. Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice, 231-244. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.dddmp.4350098
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed-methods Research. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Quarterly, 319-340.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building Theories from Case Study Research. The Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/258557
Fotis, J., Buhalis, D., & Rossides, N. (2011). Social Media Impact On Holiday Travel Planning: The Case Of The Russian And The FSU Markets. International Journal of Online Marketing, 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.4018/IJOM.2011100101
Gök, T., & Baltaci, M. (2023). Digital Marketing and Consumer Behavior in Tourism. In M. Valeri, Innovation Strategies and Organizational Culture in Tourism (pp. 61-69). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Gretzel, U. (2021). Conceptualizing the Smart Tourism Mindset: Fostering Utopian Thinking in Smart Tourism Development. Journal of Smart Tourism, 3-5.
Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z., & Koo, C. (2015). Smart Tourism: Foundations and Developments. Electronic Markets, 25, 179-188. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-015-0196-8
Harrigan, P., Miles, M. P., Fang, Y., & Roy, S. K. (2020). The Role Of Social Media In The Engagement And Information Processes Of Social CRM. International Journal of Information Management, 54, 102151. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102151
Hudson, S., Roth, M. S., Madden, T. J., & Hudson, R. (2015). The Effects Of Social Media On Emotions, Brand Relationship Quality, And Word Of Mouth: An Empirical Study Of Music Festival Attendees. Tourism Management, 47, 68-76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.09.001
Kam Fung So, K., King, C., & Sparks, B. (2015). Extending the Tourism Experience: The Role of Customer Engagement. Taylor & Francis.
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users Of The World, Unite! The Challenges And Opportunities Of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
Katsoni, V., & Costa, C. (2025). Innovation and Creativity in Tourism, Business, and Social Sciences. Naxos: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and Gratifications Research. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509-523. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2747854
Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance, Identification, and Internalization: Three Processes Of Attitude Change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(1), 51-60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/002200275800200106
Kemp, S. (2022). https://datareportal.com/. Retrieved December 10, 2024, from https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-global-overview-report
Kim, N., Lee, S., Lee, C.-K., & Suess, C. (2022). Predicting Preventive Travel Behaviors Under The COVID-19 Pandemic Through An Integration of Health Belief Model and Value-Belief-Norm. Tourism Management Perspectives, 9-10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.100981
Kotler, P., Keller, K. L., & Chernev, A. (2021). Marketing Management. Pearson Publications.
Law, R. (2006). The Perceived Impact of Risks on Travel Decisions. International Journal of Tourism Research, 289-300. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.576
Leung, D., Law, R., Hoof, H. V., & Buhalis, D. (2013). Social Media in Tourism and Hospitality: A Literature Review. Journal of Travel & Tourism Management, 30(2), 3-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.750919
Litvin, S. W., Goldsmith, R. E., & Bing, P. (2008). Electronic Word-Of-Mouth in Hospitality and Tourism Management. Tourism Management (Vol 29, Issue 3), 458-468.
Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An Approach to Environmental Psychology. Michigan: M.I.T. Press.
Meng, B., & Choi, K. (2015). Extending The Theory Of Planned Behaviour: Testing The Effects Of Authentic Perception And Environmental Concerns On The Slow-Tourist Decision-Making Process. Current Issues in Tourism, 528-544. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1020773
Middleton, V., Fyall, A., Morgan, M., & Ranchhod, A. (2009). Marketing in Travel and Tourism. Routledge.
Moon, J.-W., & An, Y. (2022). Uses and Gratifications Motivations and Their Effects on Attitude and e-Tourist Satisfaction: A Multilevel Approach. Tourism & Hospitality, 3(1), 116-136. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp3010009
Munar, A. M., & Jacobsen, J. K. (2014). Motivations For Sharing Tourism Experiences Through Social Media. Tourism Management, 43, 46-54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.01.012
Pan, B., Maclaurin, T., & Crotts, J. C. (2007). Travel Blogs and the Implications for Destination Marketing. Journal of Travel Research, 35-45. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287507302378
Polat, E., Celik, F., Ibrahim, B., & Köseoglu, M. A. (2023). Unpacking The Power Of User-Generated Videos In Hospitality And Tourism: A Systematic Literature Review And Future Direction. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 894-914. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2023.2296655
Saunders, M. N., & Lewis, P. T. (2023). Research Methods for Business Students. Pearson Publications.
Schuckert, M., Xianwei, L., & Law, R. (2015). Hospitality and Tourism Online Reviews: Recent Trends and Future Directions. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 608-621. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.933154
Serrano-Malebran, J., Campos-Núñez, F., Vidal, C., & Veneros, D. (2025). From Search Engines To Social Influence: A Stimulus–Organism–Response Model Of Travel Influencers On TikTok. (N. Valaei, Ed.) Frontiers in Communication, 10, 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2025.1649647
Sharif, S., Farhana, N., Idda, N., Shah, S. I., & Shah, M. (2024). TikTok's Role In Shaping Travel Destinations Among Generation Z: Exploring The Mediating Effects of Social Escapism Motivation. International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities, (pp. 9-10).
Sujatmiko, S., Rosanti, N., Hamdat, A., Ar, D. P., & Salam, K. N. (2025). User-Generated Content (UGC) and Its Impact on Tourism Marketing: A Systematic Literature Review. Golden Ratio of Mapping Idea and Literature Format, 5(2), 97-107. doi:https://doi.org/10.52970/grmilf.v5i2.14
Susanto, B., Wardhani, Y. K., Muhartoyo, M., Sutiarso, M. A., & Sadjuni, N. (2023). The Role And Use Of Social Media As A Medium For Marketing Tourist Attractions And Increasing Tourist Visits. Journal of Commerce Management and Tourism Studies, 2(1), 48-55. doi:https://doi.org/10.58881/jcmts.v2i1.93
Todua, N., & Danelia, L. (2025). The Effect of Social Media Marketing on Consumer Behavior in the Georgian Tourism Industry. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 549-560. doi:https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.90600045
We Are Social. (2025, February 5). https://wearesocial.com/us/blog/2025/02/digital-2025-the-essential-guide-to-the-global-state-of-digital/. Retrieved from https://wearesocial.com: https://wearesocial.com/us/blog/2025/02/digital-2025-the-essential-guide-to-the-global-state-of-digital/
Xiang, Z., Magnini, V. P., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2015). Information Technology And Consumer Behavior In Travel And Tourism: Insights From Travel Planning Using The Internet. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 244-249.
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. SAGE Publications Inc.
Yoo, K.-H., & Gretzel, U. (2011). Influence Of Personality On Travel-Related Consumer-Generated Media Creation. Computers in Human Behavior, 609-621. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.002
Yoo, K.-H., Lee, Y., Gretzel, U., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2009). Trust in Travel-related Consumer Generated Media. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2009, 49-59.
Zeng, B., & Gerritsen, R. (2014). What Do We Know About Social Media in Tourism? A Review. Tourism Management Perspectives, 27-36. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2014.01.001
Zhang, Y., Sotiriadis, M., & Shen, S. (2025). Investigating the Impact of Smart Tourism Technologies on Tourists’ Experiences. Sustainability, 14(5), 3048. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053048
Antczak, B. (2024, February). The Influence of Digital Marketing and Social Media Marketing on Consumer Buying Behavior. Journal of Modern Science, 323-325. doi:doi.org/10.13166/jms/189429
Bhinder, H. (2025). Social Media and Its Influence on Travel Decision-Making. In C. M. Ramos, T. Costa, R. Madeira, & J. F. Rosário, Open Innovation and Technology in Tourism and Hospitality (pp. 205-220). IGI Global. doi:https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-8633-0.ch010
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 77-101. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. London: SAGE Publications. Retrieved from https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/thematic-analysis/book248481
Cheng, M. (2024). Social Media and Tourism Geographies: Mapping Future Research Agenda. Tourism GeoGraphies, 27, 579-588. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2024.2304782
Chu, S.-C., & Kim, Y. (2015). Determinants of Consumer Engagement in Electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM) in Social Networking Sites. International Journal of Advertising, 30(1), 47-75. doi:https://doi.org/10.2501/IJA-30-1-047-075
Chung, P., Jain, V., & Budhiraja, M. (2025). From Vlogs to Voyages: A Systematic Review Of User-Generated Videos Using The ADO Framework. Quality & Quantity. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-025-02302-8
Constantinides, E., & Fountain, S. (2008). Web 2.0: Conceptual Foundations And Marketing Issues. Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice, 231-244. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.dddmp.4350098
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed-methods Research. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Quarterly, 319-340.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building Theories from Case Study Research. The Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/258557
Fotis, J., Buhalis, D., & Rossides, N. (2011). Social Media Impact On Holiday Travel Planning: The Case Of The Russian And The FSU Markets. International Journal of Online Marketing, 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.4018/IJOM.2011100101
Gök, T., & Baltaci, M. (2023). Digital Marketing and Consumer Behavior in Tourism. In M. Valeri, Innovation Strategies and Organizational Culture in Tourism (pp. 61-69). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Gretzel, U. (2021). Conceptualizing the Smart Tourism Mindset: Fostering Utopian Thinking in Smart Tourism Development. Journal of Smart Tourism, 3-5.
Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z., & Koo, C. (2015). Smart Tourism: Foundations and Developments. Electronic Markets, 25, 179-188. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-015-0196-8
Harrigan, P., Miles, M. P., Fang, Y., & Roy, S. K. (2020). The Role Of Social Media In The Engagement And Information Processes Of Social CRM. International Journal of Information Management, 54, 102151. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102151
Hudson, S., Roth, M. S., Madden, T. J., & Hudson, R. (2015). The Effects Of Social Media On Emotions, Brand Relationship Quality, And Word Of Mouth: An Empirical Study Of Music Festival Attendees. Tourism Management, 47, 68-76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.09.001
Kam Fung So, K., King, C., & Sparks, B. (2015). Extending the Tourism Experience: The Role of Customer Engagement. Taylor & Francis.
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users Of The World, Unite! The Challenges And Opportunities Of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
Katsoni, V., & Costa, C. (2025). Innovation and Creativity in Tourism, Business, and Social Sciences. Naxos: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and Gratifications Research. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509-523. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2747854
Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance, Identification, and Internalization: Three Processes Of Attitude Change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(1), 51-60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/002200275800200106
Kemp, S. (2022). https://datareportal.com/. Retrieved December 10, 2024, from https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-global-overview-report
Kim, N., Lee, S., Lee, C.-K., & Suess, C. (2022). Predicting Preventive Travel Behaviors Under The COVID-19 Pandemic Through An Integration of Health Belief Model and Value-Belief-Norm. Tourism Management Perspectives, 9-10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.100981
Kotler, P., Keller, K. L., & Chernev, A. (2021). Marketing Management. Pearson Publications.
Law, R. (2006). The Perceived Impact of Risks on Travel Decisions. International Journal of Tourism Research, 289-300. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.576
Leung, D., Law, R., Hoof, H. V., & Buhalis, D. (2013). Social Media in Tourism and Hospitality: A Literature Review. Journal of Travel & Tourism Management, 30(2), 3-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.750919
Litvin, S. W., Goldsmith, R. E., & Bing, P. (2008). Electronic Word-Of-Mouth in Hospitality and Tourism Management. Tourism Management (Vol 29, Issue 3), 458-468.
Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An Approach to Environmental Psychology. Michigan: M.I.T. Press.
Meng, B., & Choi, K. (2015). Extending The Theory Of Planned Behaviour: Testing The Effects Of Authentic Perception And Environmental Concerns On The Slow-Tourist Decision-Making Process. Current Issues in Tourism, 528-544. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1020773
Middleton, V., Fyall, A., Morgan, M., & Ranchhod, A. (2009). Marketing in Travel and Tourism. Routledge.
Moon, J.-W., & An, Y. (2022). Uses and Gratifications Motivations and Their Effects on Attitude and e-Tourist Satisfaction: A Multilevel Approach. Tourism & Hospitality, 3(1), 116-136. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp3010009
Munar, A. M., & Jacobsen, J. K. (2014). Motivations For Sharing Tourism Experiences Through Social Media. Tourism Management, 43, 46-54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.01.012
Pan, B., Maclaurin, T., & Crotts, J. C. (2007). Travel Blogs and the Implications for Destination Marketing. Journal of Travel Research, 35-45. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287507302378
Polat, E., Celik, F., Ibrahim, B., & Köseoglu, M. A. (2023). Unpacking The Power Of User-Generated Videos In Hospitality And Tourism: A Systematic Literature Review And Future Direction. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 894-914. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2023.2296655
Saunders, M. N., & Lewis, P. T. (2023). Research Methods for Business Students. Pearson Publications.
Schuckert, M., Xianwei, L., & Law, R. (2015). Hospitality and Tourism Online Reviews: Recent Trends and Future Directions. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 608-621. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.933154
Serrano-Malebran, J., Campos-Núñez, F., Vidal, C., & Veneros, D. (2025). From Search Engines To Social Influence: A Stimulus–Organism–Response Model Of Travel Influencers On TikTok. (N. Valaei, Ed.) Frontiers in Communication, 10, 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2025.1649647
Sharif, S., Farhana, N., Idda, N., Shah, S. I., & Shah, M. (2024). TikTok's Role In Shaping Travel Destinations Among Generation Z: Exploring The Mediating Effects of Social Escapism Motivation. International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities, (pp. 9-10).
Sujatmiko, S., Rosanti, N., Hamdat, A., Ar, D. P., & Salam, K. N. (2025). User-Generated Content (UGC) and Its Impact on Tourism Marketing: A Systematic Literature Review. Golden Ratio of Mapping Idea and Literature Format, 5(2), 97-107. doi:https://doi.org/10.52970/grmilf.v5i2.14
Susanto, B., Wardhani, Y. K., Muhartoyo, M., Sutiarso, M. A., & Sadjuni, N. (2023). The Role And Use Of Social Media As A Medium For Marketing Tourist Attractions And Increasing Tourist Visits. Journal of Commerce Management and Tourism Studies, 2(1), 48-55. doi:https://doi.org/10.58881/jcmts.v2i1.93
Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Antczak, B. (2024, February). The Influence of Digital Marketing and Social Media Marketing on Consumer Buying Behavior. Journal of Modern Science, 323-325. doi:doi.org/10.13166/jms/189429
Bhinder, H. (2025). Social Media and Its Influence on Travel Decision-Making. In C. M. Ramos, T. Costa, R. Madeira, & J. F. Rosário, Open Innovation and Technology in Tourism and Hospitality (pp. 205-220). IGI Global. doi:https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-8633-0.ch010
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 77-101. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. London: SAGE Publications. Retrieved from https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/thematic-analysis/book248481
Cheng, M. (2024). Social Media and Tourism Geographies: Mapping Future Research Agenda. Tourism GeoGraphies, 27, 579-588. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2024.2304782
Chu, S.-C., & Kim, Y. (2015). Determinants of Consumer Engagement in Electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM) in Social Networking Sites. International Journal of Advertising, 30(1), 47-75. doi:https://doi.org/10.2501/IJA-30-1-047-075
Chung, P., Jain, V., & Budhiraja, M. (2025). From Vlogs to Voyages: A Systematic Review Of User-Generated Videos Using The ADO Framework. Quality & Quantity. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-025-02302-8
Constantinides, E., & Fountain, S. (2008). Web 2.0: Conceptual Foundations And Marketing Issues. Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice, 231-244. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.dddmp.4350098
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed-methods Research. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Quarterly, 319-340.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building Theories from Case Study Research. The Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/258557
Fotis, J., Buhalis, D., & Rossides, N. (2011). Social Media Impact On Holiday Travel Planning: The Case Of The Russian And The FSU Markets. International Journal of Online Marketing, 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.4018/IJOM.2011100101
Gök, T., & Baltaci, M. (2023). Digital Marketing and Consumer Behavior in Tourism. In M. Valeri, Innovation Strategies and Organizational Culture in Tourism (pp. 61-69). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Gretzel, U. (2021). Conceptualizing the Smart Tourism Mindset: Fostering Utopian Thinking in Smart Tourism Development. Journal of Smart Tourism, 3-5.
Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z., & Koo, C. (2015). Smart Tourism: Foundations and Developments. Electronic Markets, 25, 179-188. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-015-0196-8
Harrigan, P., Miles, M. P., Fang, Y., & Roy, S. K. (2020). The Role Of Social Media In The Engagement And Information Processes Of Social CRM. International Journal of Information Management, 54, 102151. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102151
Hudson, S., Roth, M. S., Madden, T. J., & Hudson, R. (2015). The Effects Of Social Media On Emotions, Brand Relationship Quality, And Word Of Mouth: An Empirical Study Of Music Festival Attendees. Tourism Management, 47, 68-76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.09.001
Kam Fung So, K., King, C., & Sparks, B. (2015). Extending the Tourism Experience: The Role of Customer Engagement. Taylor & Francis.
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users Of The World, Unite! The Challenges And Opportunities Of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
Katsoni, V., & Costa, C. (2025). Innovation and Creativity in Tourism, Business, and Social Sciences. Naxos: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and Gratifications Research. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509-523. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2747854
Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance, Identification, and Internalization: Three Processes Of Attitude Change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(1), 51-60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/002200275800200106
Kemp, S. (2022). https://datareportal.com/. Retrieved December 10, 2024, from https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-global-overview-report
Kim, N., Lee, S., Lee, C.-K., & Suess, C. (2022). Predicting Preventive Travel Behaviors Under The COVID-19 Pandemic Through An Integration of Health Belief Model and Value-Belief-Norm. Tourism Management Perspectives, 9-10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.100981
Kotler, P., Keller, K. L., & Chernev, A. (2021). Marketing Management. Pearson Publications.
Law, R. (2006). The Perceived Impact of Risks on Travel Decisions. International Journal of Tourism Research, 289-300. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.576
Leung, D., Law, R., Hoof, H. V., & Buhalis, D. (2013). Social Media in Tourism and Hospitality: A Literature Review. Journal of Travel & Tourism Management, 30(2), 3-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.750919
Litvin, S. W., Goldsmith, R. E., & Bing, P. (2008). Electronic Word-Of-Mouth in Hospitality and Tourism Management. Tourism Management (Vol 29, Issue 3), 458-468.
Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An Approach to Environmental Psychology. Michigan: M.I.T. Press.
Meng, B., & Choi, K. (2015). Extending The Theory Of Planned Behaviour: Testing The Effects Of Authentic Perception And Environmental Concerns On The Slow-Tourist Decision-Making Process. Current Issues in Tourism, 528-544. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1020773
Middleton, V., Fyall, A., Morgan, M., & Ranchhod, A. (2009). Marketing in Travel and Tourism. Routledge.
Moon, J.-W., & An, Y. (2022). Uses and Gratifications Motivations and Their Effects on Attitude and e-Tourist Satisfaction: A Multilevel Approach. Tourism & Hospitality, 3(1), 116-136. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp3010009
Munar, A. M., & Jacobsen, J. K. (2014). Motivations For Sharing Tourism Experiences Through Social Media. Tourism Management, 43, 46-54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.01.012
Pan, B., Maclaurin, T., & Crotts, J. C. (2007). Travel Blogs and the Implications for Destination Marketing. Journal of Travel Research, 35-45. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287507302378
Polat, E., Celik, F., Ibrahim, B., & Köseoglu, M. A. (2023). Unpacking The Power Of User-Generated Videos In Hospitality And Tourism: A Systematic Literature Review And Future Direction. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 894-914. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2023.2296655
Saunders, M. N., & Lewis, P. T. (2023). Research Methods for Business Students. Pearson Publications.
Schuckert, M., Xianwei, L., & Law, R. (2015). Hospitality and Tourism Online Reviews: Recent Trends and Future Directions. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 608-621. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.933154
Serrano-Malebran, J., Campos-Núñez, F., Vidal, C., & Veneros, D. (2025). From Search Engines To Social Influence: A Stimulus–Organism–Response Model Of Travel Influencers On TikTok. (N. Valaei, Ed.) Frontiers in Communication, 10, 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2025.1649647
Sharif, S., Farhana, N., Idda, N., Shah, S. I., & Shah, M. (2024). TikTok's Role In Shaping Travel Destinations Among Generation Z: Exploring The Mediating Effects of Social Escapism Motivation. International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities, (pp. 9-10).
Sujatmiko, S., Rosanti, N., Hamdat, A., Ar, D. P., & Salam, K. N. (2025). User-Generated Content (UGC) and Its Impact on Tourism Marketing: A Systematic Literature Review. Golden Ratio of Mapping Idea and Literature Format, 5(2), 97-107. doi:https://doi.org/10.52970/grmilf.v5i2.14
Susanto, B., Wardhani, Y. K., Muhartoyo, M., Sutiarso, M. A., & Sadjuni, N. (2023). The Role And Use Of Social Media As A Medium For Marketing Tourist Attractions And Increasing Tourist Visits. Journal of Commerce Management and Tourism Studies, 2(1), 48-55. doi:https://doi.org/10.58881/jcmts.v2i1.93
Todua, N., & Danelia, L. (2025). The Effect of Social Media Marketing on Consumer Behavior in the Georgian Tourism Industry. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 549-560. doi:https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.90600045
We Are Social. (2025, February 5). https://wearesocial.com/us/blog/2025/02/digital-2025-the-essential-guide-to-the-global-state-of-digital/. Retrieved from https://wearesocial.com: https://wearesocial.com/us/blog/2025/02/digital-2025-the-essential-guide-to-the-global-state-of-digital/
Xiang, Z., Magnini, V. P., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2015). Information Technology And Consumer Behavior In Travel And Tourism: Insights From Travel Planning Using The Internet. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 244-249.
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. SAGE Publications Inc.
Yoo, K.-H., & Gretzel, U. (2011). Influence Of Personality On Travel-Related Consumer-Generated Media Creation. Computers in Human Behavior, 609-621. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.002
Yoo, K.-H., Lee, Y., Gretzel, U., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2009). Trust in Travel-related Consumer Generated Media. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2009, 49-59.
Zeng, B., & Gerritsen, R. (2014). What Do We Know About Social Media in Tourism? A Review. Tourism Management Perspectives, 27-36. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2014.01.001
Zhang, Y., Sotiriadis, M., & Shen, S. (2025). Investigating the Impact of Smart Tourism Technologies on Tourists’ Experiences. Sustainability, 14(5), 3048. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053048
K
Komal Frank
Corresponding Author
2
Downloads
43
Views
Metrics are updated in real time as the article is accessed and downloaded.
Comments
Leave a Comment